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Although slow sand filters are effective in treating high-quality raw water, there are several limitations.

TitleEvaluating modifications to slow sand filters
Publication TypeJournal Article
Year of Publication1991
AuthorsCollins, MR, Eighmy, TT, Malley, JP
Paginationp. 62-70: 7 fig., 5 tab., photogr.
Date Published1991-01-01
Keywordsactivated carbon treatment, algae, design, efficiency, maintenance, ozonation, pilot plants, pretreatment, roughing filtration, slow sand filtration, trihalomethanes, turbidity removal
Abstract

Although slow sand filters are effective in treating high-quality raw water, there are several limitations. These include significant reductions in filter run lengths if raw water turbidity and algal content exceed relatively low levels, poor organic precursor removals, and relatively long filter cleaning downtimes and ripening periods. This article presents the following cost-effective modifications to enhance the performance of slow sand filters: roughing filters, filter mats, preozonation, surface amendment (i.e. anionic resins or granulated active carbon), and harrowing techniques that minimize filter downtimes. Although most of these modifications are based on pilot-scale evaluations, pilot results have been routinely and successfully extrapolated to full-scale operations.

Notes43 ref.
Custom 1255.1

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